Journal
IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 118, Issue 4, Pages 509-519Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02399.x
Keywords
cathelicidin; colon mucosa; defensin; gene regulation; human; skin
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Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI052453, AI052453, N01-AI-40029AI48176] Funding Source: Medline
- NIAMS NIH HHS [AR45676, R01 AR045676] Funding Source: Medline
- PHS HHS [HHSN26620040029C] Funding Source: Medline
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immune defence against microbes depends in part on the production of antimicrobial peptides, a process that occurs in a variety of cell types but is incompletely understood. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for the induction of cathelicidin and beta-defensin antimicrobial peptides were found to be independent and specific to the cell type and stimulus. Vitamin D-3 induced cathelicidin expression in keratinocytes and monocytes but not in colonic epithelial cells. Conversely, butyrate induced cathelicidin in colonic epithelia but not in keratinocytes or monocytes. Distinct factors induced beta-defensin expression. In all cell types, vitamin D-3 activated the cathelicidin promoter and was dependent on a functional vitamin D responsive element. However, in colonic epithelia butyrate induced cathelicidin expression without increasing promoter activity and vitamin D-3 activated the cathelicidin promoter without a subsequent increase in transcript accumulation. Induction of cathelicidin transcript correlated with increased processed mature peptide and enhanced antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, induction of beta-defensin-2 expression did not alter the innate antimicrobial capacity of cells in culture. These data suggest that antimicrobial peptide expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Furthermore, these data show for the first time that innate antimicrobial activity can be triggered independently of the release of other pro-inflammatory molecules, and suggest strategies for augmenting innate immune defence without increasing inflammation.
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