Lead-free accumulators for renewable and clean energy technologies

Lead-free accumulators consisting of lithium aluminum manganese oxide (LAMO) and lithium titanium oxide (LTO) having spinel-framework structures are examined in 1 M LiBF4 acetonitrile. Results on zero-volt storage for 2 weeks, cycle tests at 1 mA cm(-2) in voltages of 0 to 2.9 V for 20 cycles and then at 2 mA cm(-2) in voltages of 2.0 to 2.9V for 100 cycles, and rate-capability tests ranging from 0.3 to 16.7 mA cm(-2) are presented and 12V lead-free accumulators, in which 5 cells are connected in series, are proposed for renewable and clean energy technologies.