Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 103, Issue 33, Pages 12499-12504Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605394103
Keywords
prostaglandin E-3; eicosapentaenoic acid; tumorigenesis
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Funding
- NIDCR NIH HHS [P50 DE016191, P50-DE016191] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK040561, P30 DK040561-11] Funding Source: Medline
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R37-GM038675] Funding Source: Medline
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An important nutritional question as to whether the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids plays a role in tumorigenesis remains to be clarified in well qualified experimental models. The recently engineered fat-1 mice, which can convert n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and have a balanced ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in their tissues and organs independent of diet, allow carefully controlled studies to be performed in the absence of potential confounding factors of diet and therefore are a useful model for elucidating the role of n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in tumorigenesis. We implanted mouse melanoma B16 cells into transgenic and WT littermates and examined the incidence of tumor formation and tumor growth rate. The results showed a dramatic reduction of melanoma formation and growth in fat-1 transgenic mice. The level of n-3 fatty acids and their metabolite prostaglandin E3 (IRGEA were much higher (but the n-6/n-3 ratio is much lower) in the tumor and surrounding tissues of fat-1 mice than that of WT animals. The phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on the chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene was significantly up-regulated in the fat-1 mice. In vitro experiments showed that addition of the n-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid or PGE(3) inhibited the growth of B16 cell line and increased the expression of PTEN, which could be partially attenuated by inhibition of PGE(3) production, suggesting that PGE(3) may act as an antitumor mediator. These data demonstrate an anticancer (antimelanoma) effect of n-3 fatty acids through, at least in part, activation of PTEN pathway mediated by PGE(3).
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