Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY
Volume 91, Issue 5, Pages 389-398Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1001882
Keywords
In vivo oxidative stress; inflammatory responses; 5-methylycytosine; 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; titanium; liver
Funding
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [NNX11AK91G]
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Purpose : To investigate the biological effects of titanium (Ti-48, one of the important heavy ions found in space) in the liver of exposed-mice. Materials and methods : We gave adult male CBA/CaJ mice a whole-body exposure to a total dose of 0, 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 Gy of Ti-48 ions. The liver was collected at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months post-irradiation (five mice per treatment-group at each harvest-time). Three biological endpoints were used for evaluating the effects of Ti-48 ions: Oxidative-stress, inflammatory responses, and DNA-methylation (5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine). Results : Our data clearly demonstrated dose-dependent increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the liver of exposed mice at all time-points (Analysis of Variance or ANOVA, p < 0.05). Significant dose-dependent increases in the levels of 5-methylcytosine were detected at 1 week and 1 month (ANOVA, p < 0.05). At 6 months post-irradiation, a significant increase in the level of 5-methylcytosine was found only in 0.5-Gy-(48)-Ti-ion-exposed mice. In contrast, dose-dependent decreases in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels were found in the liver of exposed mice (ANOVA, p < 0.05) at all time-points. Conclusions : Chronic oxidative-stress, chronic inflammation, and persistent aberrant DNA-methylation occurred in the liver of Ti-48-exposed mice. Hence, exposure to Ti-48 ions in space may pose health risks.
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