Humping mechanisms present in high speed welding

As welding speeds continually increase owing to automation and newer processes, a common defect that occurs is humping. Humping is the periodic occurrence of beadlike protuberances. The objective of the present investigation is to review current and previous researches that were made on humping, including both experimental and theoretical studies. It is found that humping can be classified into two distinct categories of formation: gouging region morphology and beaded cylinder morphology. Various theories that explain the two types of humping formation are examined. Experimental data compiled from many sources are presented to verify the models and explain the fundamental mechanisms of humping morphology. Humping prevention measures that can be applied directly to industrial fabrication are also included. The direct benefit is increased travel speeds that reduce production costs.