Paleoecological insights into subduction zone earthquake occurrence, eastern North Island, New Zealand

Paleoecological investigations of three Holocene marginal-marine sedimentary sequences provide information on vertical tectonic deformation in a transect across the forearc basin adjacent to the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand. The elevation of maximum postglacial sea level indicators at Te Paeroa Lagoon and Opoho is between 4 and 6 m below present mean sea level, indicating net subsidence since 7200 yr B.P. Opoutama is closer to the Hikurangi Trench and appears to lie near the edge of the zone of subsidence, as evidence for vertical movement there is equivocal. Some of the subsidence at Te Paeroa Lagoon and Opoho is likely to be a result of compaction. However, a component of subsidence probably happened coseismically in two events at ca. 7100 and 5550 yr B.P. Event signatures consist of tsunami deposits overlain by chaotically mixed, reworked sediment that appears to have filled rapidly created accommodation space at marine inlet sites 10 km apart. Large offshore earthquakes are suggested by the coincidence of tsunami inundation with sudden subsidence. Forward elastic-dislocation models indicate that the observed subsidence could be achieved in similar to M-w 7.9 earthquakes on either the subduction interface or the Lachlan Fault, which would involve synchronous uplift of Mahia Peninsula. Combined rupture of the interface and the Lachlan Fault, either simultaneously in a similar to M-w 8.1 earthquake, or consecutively, could explain larger amounts (> 1.5 m) of coastal subsidence.