Journal
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE
Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 421-425Publisher
NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD
DOI: 10.2989/18142320609504190
Keywords
gymnodinosterol; karlotoxin; membrane specificity
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The lipophilic toxins from Karlodinium micrum, KmTX, have negative effects on several co-occurring phytoplankton species, yet appear to have no effect on K. micrum itself. One of these compounds, KmTX2, has differing toxicity towards eukaryotic membranes with differing sterol compositions (vertebrate > fungal > dinoflagellate). It is shown that KmTX2 causes lysis in a co-occurring potential grazer Oxyrrhis marina while having no effect on K. micrum itself. K. micrum has a unique membrane sterol profile dominated by (24S)-4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3 beta-ol (gymnodinosterol), whereas O. marina was shown to possess 5,22-cholestadien-24 beta-methyl-3 beta-ol (brassicasterol) and 5cholesten-3 beta-ol (cholesterol) as its major membrane sterols. In accord with toxicity data from whole cells containing these sterols, free sterols were found to inhibit haemolysis in the order cholesterol > ergosterol > gymnodinosterol. It appears that certain sterols can form stable complexes with the toxin molecule, thereby sequestering it away from erythrocyte membranes. It is concluded that K. micrum protects itself from the membrane-disrupting properties of its own toxins by possessing a membrane sterol that does not interact with these compounds.
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