Journal
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
Volume 1126, Issue 1-2, Pages 195-218Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.094
Keywords
gradient elution; prediction; retention mechanism; optimization of separation; gradient peak capacity; instrumental dwell volume; solvent uptake
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Advances in the theory of gradient liquid chromatography and their practical impacts are reviewed. Theoretical models describing retention in reversed-phase, normal-phase and ion-exchange modes are compared. Main attention is focused on practically useful models described by two- or three-parameter equations fitting the experimental data in the range of mobile phase composition utilized for sample migration during gradient elution. The applications of theory for gradient method development, optimization and transfer are addressed. The origins and possibilities for overcoming possible pitfalls are discussed, including the effects of the instrumental dwell volume, uptake of mobile phase components on the column and size of the sample molecules. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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