Journal
NEURAL NETWORKS
Volume 19, Issue 8, Pages 1277-1301Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.03.004
Keywords
delay; uncertainty; risk; impulsivity; instrumental conditioning; rat
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This review considers the theoretical problems facing agents that must learn and choose on the basis of reward or reinforcement that is uncertain or delayed, in implicit or procedural (stimulus-response) representational systems and in explicit or declarative (action-outcome-value) representational systems. Individual differences in sensitivity to delays and uncertainty may contribute to impulsivity and risk taking. Learning and choice with delayed and uncertain reinforcement are related but in some cases dissociable processes. The contributions to delay and uncertainty discounting of neuromodulators including serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, and of specific neural structures including the nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens shell, orbitofrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal (prelimbic/infralimbic) cortex, insula, subthalamic nucleus, and hippocampus are examined. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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