Autoinhibitory control of the CaV1.2 channel by its proteolytically processed distal C-terminal domain

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels of the Ca(V)1 family initiate excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle and are primary targets for regulation by the sympathetic nervous system in the 'fight-or-flight' response. In the heart, activation of beta-adrenergic receptors greatly increases the L-type Ca2+ current through Ca(V)1.2 channels, which requires phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) anchored via an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP 15). Surprisingly, the site of interaction of PKA and AKAP 15 lies in the distal C-terminus, which is cleaved from the remainder of the channel by in vivo proteolytic processing. Here we report that the proteolytically cleaved distal. C-terminal domain forms a specific molecular complex with the truncated alpha(1) subunit and serves as a potent autoinhibitory domain. Formation of the autoinhibitory complex greatly reduces the coupling efficiency of voltage sensing to channel opening and shifts the voltage dependence of activation to more positive membrane potentials. Ab initio structural modelling and site-directed mutagenesis revealed a binding interaction between a pair of arginine residues in a predicted alpha-helix in the proximal C-terminal domain and a set of three negatively charged amino acid residues in a predicted helix-loop-helix bundle in the distal C-terminal domain. Disruption of this interaction by mutation abolished the inhibitory effects of the distal C-terminus on Ca(V)1.2 channel function. These results provide the first functional characterization of this autoinhibitory complex, which may be a major form of the Ca(V)1 family Ca2+ channels in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, and reveal a unique ion channel regulatory mechanism in which proteolytic processing produces a more effective autoinhibitor of Ca(V)1.2 channel function.