The use of aerial spraying to eliminate tsetse from the Okavango Delta of Botswana

In Botswana, 16,000km(2) of the Okavango Delta were aerial sprayed five times with deltamethrin, applied at 0.26-0.3 g/ha, to control Glossina morsitans centralis Machado (Diptera: Glossinidae) over a period of similar to 8 weeks. The northern half of the Delta (7180 km(2)) was sprayed in June-September 2001 and the southern half (8720 km(2)) in May-August 2002. A barrier (mean width approximate to 10km) of 12,000 deltamethrin-treated targets was deployed at the interface of these two blocks to prevent tsetse from invading from the southern to the northern block. Prior to spraying, the mean catches of tsetse from man fly-rounds were 44.6 round/day in the northern block and 10 1 in the southern. Between September 2002 and November 2005, surveys (similar to 820 daily fly-rounds and similar to 2050 trap-days) in the northern and southern blocks failed to detect tsetse. Simulations of tsetse populations suggest that while spraying operations can reduce tsetse populations to levels that are difficult to detect by standard survey techniques, such populations will recover to densities > 100tsetse/km(2) after 1000 days, at which density there is a very high probability (> 0.999) that the survey methods will catch at least one fly. Since none was caught, it is argued that tsetse have been eliminated from the Delta. The particular success of this operation in comparison to the 18 aerial spraying operations conducted in the Delta prior to 2001 is attributed to the application of an adequate dose of insecticide, the use of a GPS-based navigation system to ensure even application of insecticide, and the large size and spatial arrangement of the spray blocks coupled with the use of a barrier of targets which prevented tsetse from re-invading the northern sprayed block before the southern one was treated. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.