CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins alpha and epsilon cooperate with all-trans retinoic acid in therapy but differ in their antileukernic activities

CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/ EBPs) play critical roles in myelopolesis. Dysregulation of these proteins likely contributes to the pathogenesis of myeloid disorders characterized by a block in granulopoiesis. In one such disease, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RAR alpha) fusion protein is expressed as a result of a t(15;17) chromosomal translocation. Treatment of PML-RAR alpha leukemic cells with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) causes them to differentiate into mature neutrophils, an effect thought to be mediated by C/EBPs. In this study, we assess the potential for cooperativity between increased C/EBP activity and ATRA therapy. We demonstrate that although both C/EBP alpha and C/EBP epsilon can significantly prolong survival in a mouse model of APL, they are not functionally equivalent in this capacity. We also show that forced expression of C/EBP alpha or C/EBP epsilon in combination with ATRA treatment has a synergistic effect on survival of leukemic mice compared with either therapy alone.