A warfarin-dosing model in Asians that uses single-nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex and cytochrome P4502C9

Introduction: Because of the unique lack of genetic diversity despite the multiethnicity in the Asian population, we hypothesize that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 (CYP2C9*3) and vitamin Kepoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) at position 381, used to infer VKORC1 haplotype in combination with demographic factors, can accurately predict warfarin doses. The aims of this study were to derive a pharmacogenetics-based dosing algorithm by use of retrospective information and to validate it through a data-splitting method in a separate cohort of equal size. Methods. We used 215 records of warfarin patients recruited into a CYP2C9/VKORC1 genotyping study to perform this analysis. Univariate analyses for individual predictors, including age, weight, gender, serum albumin concentration, ethnic group, international normalized ratio, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 381 genotypes, were conducted to select variables with P < .1 for further inclusion into the multivariate regression analysis. In the final model only predictors reaching a statistical significance of P < .05 were retained. Results. Data from 107 subjects undergoing maintenance warfarin therapy with an international normalized ratio stabilized between 2 and 3 were used to derive the final model, as an exponential function of age, weight, CYP2C9*3 allele, and VKORC1 381 CC and TC genotypes, and this model accounted for 60.2% of the variability in daily warfarin dose requirement. The model was validated in a separate cohort of 108 subjects and showed a mean underestimation of 0.23 +/- 1.21 mg/d. Conclusion: Warfarin dose requirements in Asians can be accurately predicted by use of a combination of patient demographics and a simplified genotyping approach for single variants in CYP2C9 and VKORC1.