StackPi: New packet marking and filtering mechanisms for DDoS and IP spoofing defense

Today's Internet hosts are threatened by large-scale distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. The path identification (Pi) DDoS defense scheme has recently been proposed as a deterministic packet marking scheme that allows a DDoS victim to filter out attack packets on a per packet basis with high accuracy after only a few attack packets are received (Yaar et aL, 2003). In this paper, we propose the StackPi marking, a new packet marking scheme based on Pi, and new filtering mechanisms. The StackPi marking scheme consists of two new marking methods that substantially improve Pi's incremental deployment performance: Stack-based marking and write-ahead marking. Our scheme almost completely eliminates the effect of a few legacy routers on a path, and performs 24 times better than the original Pi scheme in a sparse deployment of Pi-enabled routers. For the filtering mechanism, we derive an optimal threshold strategy for filtering with the Pi marking. We also develop a new filter, the PiIP filter, which can be used to detect Internet protocol (IP) spoofing attacks with just a single attack packet. Finally, we discuss in detail StackPi's compatibility with IP fragmentation, applicability in an IPv6 environment, and several other important issues relating to potential deployment of StackPi.