Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation during pregnancy severely impairs mammary lobuloalveolar development in mice

To identify the potential functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha(PPAR alpha) in skin development, transgenic mice were generated to target constitutively activated PPAR alpha (VP16PPAR alpha) to the stratified epithelia by use of the keratin K5 promoter. In addition to marked alterations in epidermal development, the transgenic mice had a severe defect in lactation during pregnancy resulting in 100% pup mortality. In this study, the alteration of mammary gland development in these transgenic mice was investigated. The results showed that expression of the VP16PPAR alpha transgene during pregnancy resulted in impaired development of lobuloalveoli, which is associated with reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of mammary epithelia. Mammary epithelia from transgenic mice also showed a significant reduction in the expression of beta-catenin and a down-regulation of one of its target genes, cyclin D1, which is thought to be required for lobuloalveolar development. Furthermore, upon PPAR alpha ligand treatment, similar effects on lobuloalveolar development were observed in wild-type mice, but not in PPAR alpha-null mice. These findings suggest that PPAR alpha activation has a marked influence in mammary lobuloalveolar development.