Transmission of modified nucleosomes from the mouse male germline to the zygote and subsequent remodeling of paternal chromatin

Rapidly after gamete fusion, the sperm nucleus loses its specific chromatin conformation and the DNA is repopulated with maternally derived nucleosomes. We evaluated the nature of paternally derived nucleosomes and the dynamics of sperm chromatin remodeling in the zygote directly after gamete fusion. We observed historic H4 acetylated at K8 or K12 already prior to full decondensation of the sperm nucleus, suggesting that these marks are transmitted by the spermatozoon. Tracking down the origin of H4K8ac and H4K12ac during spermiogenesis revealed the retention of nucleosomes with these modifications in the chromocenter of elongating spermatids. We show that sperm constitutive heterochromatin is enriched for nucleosomes carrying specific historic modifications which are transmitted to the zygote. Our results suggest an epigenetic mechanism for inheritance of chromosomal architecture. Furthermore, up to pronucleus formation, historic acetylation and phosphorylation build up in a cascade-like fashion in the paternal chromatin. After formation of the promicleus, a subset of these marks is removed from the heterochromatin, which suggests a reestablishment of the euchromatin-heterochromatin partition. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.