Dramatic acceleration of olefin epoxidation in fluorinated alcohols: Activation of hydrogen peroxide by multiple H-bond networks

In 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as solvent, the epoxidation of olefins by hydrogen peroxide is accelerated up to ca. 100000-fold (relative to that in 1,4-dioxane as solvent). The mechanistic basis of this effect was investigated kinetically and theoretically. The kinetics of the epoxidation of Z-cyclooctene provided evidence that higher-order solvent aggregates (rate order in HFIP ca. 3) are responsible for the rate acceleration. Activation parameters (Delta S-double dagger = -39 cal/ mol center dot K) indicated a highly ordered transition state in the rate-determining step. In line with these findings, DFT simulations revealed a pronounced decrease of the activation barrier for oxygen transfer from H2O2 to ethene with increasing number of (specifically) coordinated HFIP molecules. The oxygen transfer was unambiguously identified as a polar concerted process. Simulations (combined DFT and MP2) of the epoxidation of Z-butene were in excellent agreement with the experimental data obtained in the epoxidation of Z-cyclooctene (activation enthalpy, entropy, and kinetic rate order in HFIP of 3), supporting the validity of our mechanistic model.