The nature of the calculation of the pressure in molecular simulations of continuous models from volume perturbations

We consider some fundamental aspects of the calculation of the pressure from simulations by performing volume perturbations. The method, initially proposed for hard-core potentials by Eppenga and Frenkel [Mol. Phys.52, 1303 (1984)] and then extended to continuous potentials by Harismiadis [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 8469 (1996)], is based on the numerical estimate of the change in Helmholtz free energy associated with the perturbation which, in turn, can be expressed as an ensemble average of the corresponding Boltzmann factor. The approach can be easily generalized to the calculation of components of the pressure tensor and also to ensembles other than the canonical ensemble. The accuracy of the method is assessed by comparing simulation results obtained from the volume-perturbation route with those obtained from the usual virial expression for several prototype fluid models. Monte Carlo simulation data are reported for bulk fluids and for inhomogeneous systems containing a vapor-liquid interface.