Journal
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Volume 41, Issue 10, Pages 1566-1577Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.020
Keywords
homocysteine; redox factor-1; monocytes; atherosclerosis; MCP-1
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Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that homocysteine can induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human monocytes in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether redox factor-1 (Ref-1) is involved in HHcy-accelerated atherosclerosis. We used a mild HHcy animal model, aortic roots and peritoneal macrophages were isolated for immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, from apoE(-/-) and C57BL/6J mice fed a high Hcy diet (1.8 g/L) for 4 or 12 weeks. Four-week HHcy apoE(-/-) mice showed more plaques and significantly increased immunostaining of Ref-1 and MCPI in foam cells, and HHcy mice showed enhanced Ref-1 expression in peritoneal macrophages. To explore the mediating mechanism, incubation with Hcy (100 mu M) increased Ref-1 protein level and translocation in human monocytes in vitro. In addition, Hcy-induced NADPH oxidase activity mediated the upregulation of Ref-1. Furthermore, overexpressed Ref-1 upregulated NF-kappa B and MCP-1 promoter activity, and antisense Ref-1 reduced Hcy-induced NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity and MCP-1 secretion. These data indicate that Hcy-induced ROS upregulate the expression and translocation of Ref-1 via NADPH oxidase, and then Ref-1 increases NF-kappa B activity and MCP-1 secretion in human monocytes/macrophages, which may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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