Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium effectors SopB, SopE, SopE2 and SipA disrupt tight junction structure and function

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major cause of human gastroenteritis. Infection of epithelial monolayers by S. Typhimurium disrupts tight junctions that normally maintain the intestinal barrier and regulate cell polarity. Tight junction disruption is dependent upon the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) type 3 secretion system but the specific effectors involved have not been identified. In this study we demonstrate that SopB, SopE, SopE2 and SipA are the SPI-1-secreted effectors responsible for disruption of tight junction structure and function. Tight junction disruption by S. Typhimurium was prevented by inhibiting host protein geranylgeranylation but was not dependent on host protein synthesis or secretion of host-derived products. Unlike wild-type S. Typhimurium, Delta sopB, Delta sopE/E2, Delta sipA, or Delta sipA/sopB mutants, Delta sopB/E/E2 and Delta sipA/sopE/E2 mutants were unable to increase the permeability of polarized epithelial monolayers, did not disrupt the distribution or levels of ZO-1 and occludin, and did not alter cell polarity. These data suggest that SPI-1secreted effectors utilize their ability to stimulate Rho family GTPases to disrupt tight junction structure and function.