Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
Volume 84, Issue 6, Pages 1330-1339Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1330
Keywords
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; fish; fish oils; diet methods; 7-d diary
Categories
Funding
- Medical Research Council [MC_U106179471, G0401527] Funding Source: Medline
- Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
- Medical Research Council [MC_U106179471, G0401527] Funding Source: researchfish
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Background: The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, found in fish and fish-oil supplements and also formed by conversion of a-linolenic acid in soy and rapeseed (canola) oils, are thought to have cardio-protective effects. Objective: Because the relative feasibility and measurement error of dietary methods varies, this study compared fish and fish-oil intakes obtained from 4 dietary methods with plasma n-3 PUFAs in men and women in a general population. Design: The study participants were 4949 men and women aged 40-79 y from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk United Kingdom cohort. Measurements of plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFA concentrations and fish intakes were made with the use of 4 dietary methods (food-frequency questionnaire, health and lifestyle questionnaire, 7-d diary, and first-day recall from the 7-d diary). Results: Amounts of fish consumed and relations with plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFAs were not substantially different between the 4 dietary methods. Plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men, were 20% higher in fish-oil consumers than in non-fish-oil consumers, and were twice as high in fatty fish consumers as in total fish consumers. Only approximate to 25% of the variation in plasma n-3 PUFA was explained by fish and fish-oil consumption. Conclusions: This large study found no substantial differences between dietary methods and observed clear sex differences in plasma n-3 PUFAs. Because variation in n-3 PUFA was only partially determined by fish and fish-oil consumption, this could explain the inconsistent results of observational and intervention studies on coronary artery disease protection.
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