Triumphs and tribulations of ΛCDM, the double dark theory

?CDM has become the standard cosmological model because its predictions agree so well with observations of the cosmic microwave background and the large-scale structure of the universe. However ?CDM has faced challenges on smaller scales. Some of these challenges, including the angular momentum catastrophe and the absence of density cusps in the centers of small galaxies, may be overcome with improvements in simulation resolution and feedback. Recent simulations appear to form realistic galaxies in agreement with observed scaling relations. Although dark matter halos start small and grow by accretion, the existence of a star-forming band of halo masses naturally explains why the most massive galaxies have the oldest stars, a phenomenon known as known as galactic downsizing. The discovery of many faint galaxies in the Local Group is consistent with ?CDM predictions, as is the increasing evidence for substructure in galaxy dark matter halos from gravitational lensing flux anomalies and gaps in cold stellar streams. However, the too big to fail (TBTF) problem challenges ?CDM. It arose from analysis of the Acquarius and Via Lactea very high-resolution ?CDM simulations of dark matter halos like that of the Milky Way. Each simulated halo has similar to 10 subhalos that were so massive and dense that they would be too big to fail to form lots of stars. The TBTF problem is that none of the observed satellite galaxies of the Milky Way or Andromeda have stars moving as fast as would be expected in these densest subhalos. This may indicate the need for a more complex theory of dark matter or perhaps just better understanding of dark matter simulations and/or baryonic physics.