Paleoecology reconstruction from trapped gases in a fulgurite from the late Pleistocene of the Libyan Desert

When lightning strikes the ground, it heats, melts, and fuses the sand in soils to form glass tubes known as fulgurites. We report here the composition of CO, CO, and NO contained within the glassy bubbles of a fulgurite from the Libyan Desert. The results show that the fulgurite formed when the ground contained 0.1 wt% organic carbon with a C/N ratio of 10-15 and a delta C-13 of -13.96 parts per thousand, compositions similar to those found in the present-day semiarid region of the Sahel, where the vegetation is dominated by C, plants. Thermoluminescence dating indicates that this fulgurite formed similar to 15 k.y. ago. These results imply that the semiarid Sahel (at 17 degrees N) reached at least to 24 degrees N at this time, and demonstrate that fuligurite gases and luminescence geochronology can be used in quantitative paleoecology.