Manganese mobilization and enrichment during soil aquifer treatment (SAT) of effluents, the Dan Region Sewage Reclamation Project (Shafdan), Israel

The composition of groundwater reclaimed from tertiary sail aquifer treatment systems reflects the dynamic processes taking place in the subsurface, between the infiltration basin and the production wells. At the end of year 2000, following more than a decade of operation, high Mn concentrations (2 mu mol L-1 <= Mn <= 40 mu mol L-1) appeared in the reclaimed effluents of the Dan Region Sewage Reclamation Project (Shafdan), Israel. A mass balance indicates that the high Mn excess originated from the aquifer rocks, most likely following reduction of sedimentary Mn-oxides under suboxic conditions. The subsequent adsorption of the Mn2+ results in a slow Mn2+ front that advances in the direction of groundwater flow only when all the Mn2+ exchangeable sites are saturated. A retardation factor obtained from two independent estimates based on a simple reduction-adsorption-advection model yields a value of about 10. This explains the delayed appearance of the high Mn concentrations at a distance of only similar to 500 m from the infiltration basin.