Adolescents' relationships with their mothers and fathers: Associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology

Family relationships across 3 groups of adolescents were compared: (a) those with unipolar depressive disorders (n = 82); (b) those with subdiagnostic depressive symptoms (n = 78); and (c) those without emotional or behavioral difficulties (n = 83). Results based on multisource, multimethod constructs indicated that depressed adolescents, as well as those with subdiagnostic symptomatology, experience less supportive and more conflictual relationships with each of their parents than do healthy adolescents. These findings are notable in demonstrating that adverse father-adolescent relationships are associated with depressive symptomatology in much the same way as mother-adolescent relationships. As well, the findings add to the emerging evidence that adolescents with subdiagnostic symptoms experience difficulties in social relationships similar to those experienced by adolescents with depressive disorder.