Journal
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Volume 39, Issue 2, Pages 240-246Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2006.07.011
Keywords
critical solution; surfactants; mutual solubility; hydrophilic; hydrophobic interactions
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Upper critical solution temperatures (UCSTs) of (water + phenol) systems are reported with 0.1 mol (.) kg(-1) halide salts, carboxylic acids, 1.0% PEG 200 in water, and 0.01 mol (.) kg(-1) surfactants and polynuclear aromatic compounds namely benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, chrysene; and benzene derivatives namely toluene and xylene solutions in phenol. Valence electrons and shell numbers, basicity, -CH3 and -CH2-, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and pi conjugated electrons of respective additives have been noted to affect their UCSTs and mutual solubilities. The surfactants decrease the USCTs with higher mutual solubilities due to effective hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic interactions with aqueous and organic phases, respectively. A stronger structure breaking action of 3(-OH) of glycerol outweighs those of the 3(-COO-) and 1(-OH) of citric acid and urea does produce almost equal UCSTs as compared to glycerol. A decrease in UCSTs is noted with increasing number of conjugated it electrons of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and chrysene. In general, dTc/ dx(2), values of salts for 0.20 to 0.16 mole fractions of phenol are found positive while for 0.055 to 0.052 mole fractions, the negative. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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