Interfacial bioelectrochemistry: Fabrication, properties and applications of functional nanostructured biointerfaces

Bioelectrochemistry is a new interdisciplinary field, which combines biotechnology with electrochemical science, while the emergence of nanotechnology is opening new horizons for the investigation of this field. Nanostructures (such as nanoparticles, nanotubes) have similar dimensions to those of biomolecules (such as proteins or DNA). The combination of nanostructures with biomolecules yields functional nanostructured biointerfaces with synergetic properties and functions. The recent surge of research interest in the bioelectrochemical field is focused on the advanced design and preparation of such potential nanostructured biointerfaces, as well as the fundamental understanding of the interfacial bioelectrochemical processes within these systems. This review describes recent advances in the development of nanostructured biointerfaces based on the nanostructure-biomolecule hybrid systems in the bioelectrochemical field. To begin with, a wide range of nanostructures, which derive from metal, semiconductor, carbon, and so on, are discussed, involving their synthesis, properties, and conjugation with biomolecules, respectively. Sequentially, the fabrication, properties and characterization of functional nanostructured biointerfaces on electrode surfaces are discussed. Particular emphasis is directed to the discussion and exploration of interfacial bioelectrochemical theories of these architectures, which are of fundamental importance to the unraveling of key biological processes and the comprehensive acquaintance of electron-transfer processes. In addition, the wide applications of nanostructured biointerfaces in the bioelectrochemical field are sketched, and prospects and further developments in this exciting interdisciplinary field are also suggested.