Journal
NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS
Volume 413, Issue 3, Pages 241-244Publisher
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.065
Keywords
activin A; follistatin; microglia; peritoneal macrophages; meningitis; toll-like receptors
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Activin A levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with meningitis and in the sera of patients with sepsis. The source(s) of the elevated concentrations of activin A in CSF and serum have not yet been discovered. Here we demonstrate that primary mouse microglial cells and peritoneal macrophages release activin A after treatment with agonists of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 4, and 9. These findings provide further evidence for a role of activin in the innate immune response and suggest that microglial cells and macrophages are a source of elevated activin A concentrations observed in the CSF during bacterial meningitis and in the systemic circulation during sepsis. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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