Influence of the Amazon River plume on distributions of free-living and symbiotic cyanobacteria in the western tropical north Atlantic Ocean

The vertical and horizontal distributions of seven diazotrophic populations in the western tropical north Atlantic (WTNA) Ocean were examined using a nifH DNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) approach. The nifH phylotype abundances were highest near the surface and decreased with depth, with the exception of the cyanobacterial symbiont Calothrix, which was not detected at any station. Richelia associated with the diatoms Rhizosolenia clevei and Hemiaulus hauckii were distributed within the freshwater lens of the Amazon plume. Abundances of H. hauckii-Richelia nifH genes dominated all depths in 6 of 10 vertical profiles and 10 of 20 surface samples. In addition, estimates of Richelia associated with H. hauckii increased northwest (8-12 degrees N, 56-54 degrees W) from the river mouth, where significantly (p < 0.001) higher abundances (> 10(5) copies L-1) were found in mesohaline waters (31-34.9). nifH copy abundance for surface populations of the H. hauckii-Richelia symbioses were positively correlated (r(2) = 0.59) with salinity. Three unicellular cyanobacterial groups and Trichodesmium had similar horizontal distributions, where the highest nifH copy estimates were at stations with salinity >= 35 and northeast (6-10 degrees N 50 degrees W) of the freshwater lens. The abundance of Trichodesmium spp. and unicellular Group B nifH gene copies co-varied (r(2) = 0.60). The QPCR study showed the dominance of H. hauckii-Richelia symbioses in the Amazon plume waters, implying that these associations had an ecological advantage over the other diazotrophs. Outside of the plume nutrients were below detection, abundances of free-living unicellular cyanobacterial phylotypes, including a novel group designated Group C, were abundant (> 10(5) copies L-1) and comparable to the abundances of Trichodesmium spp. Thus, there appeared to be a cascade of diazotrophic communities along gradients of salinity and nutrients in the WTNA.