Journal
DEVELOPMENT
Volume 134, Issue 7, Pages 1279-1289Publisher
COMPANY BIOLOGISTS LTD
DOI: 10.1242/dev.02813
Keywords
cartilage; PAK; cortical actin; cytoskeleton; wound healing; craniofacial; Tfap2a; ectomesenchyme; neural crest; Xenopus; zebrafish
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Funding
- Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
- NIDCR NIH HHS [DE 13828] Funding Source: Medline
- NINDS NIH HHS [NS 41353] Funding Source: Medline
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Inca (induced in neural crest by AP2) is a novel protein discovered in a microarray screen for genes that are upregulated in Xenopus embryos by the transcriptional activator protein Tfap2a. It has no significant similarity to any known protein, but is conserved among vertebrates. In Xenopus, zebrafish and mouse embryos, Inca is expressed predominantly in the premigratory and migrating neural crest (NC). Knockdown experiments in frog and fish using antisense morpholinos reveal essential functions for Inca in a subset of NC cells that form craniofacial cartilage. Cells lacking Inca migrate successfully but fail to condense into skeletal primordia. Overexpression of Inca disrupts cortical actin and prevents formation of actin 'purse strings', which are required for wound healing in Xenopus embryos. We show that Inca physically interacts with p21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5), a known regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that is co-expressed with Inca in embryonic ectoderm, including in the NC. These results suggest that Inca and PAK5 cooperate in restructuring cytoskeletal organization and in the regulation of cell adhesion in the early embryo and in NC cells during craniofacial development.
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