Prostacyclin Regulates Spinal Nociceptive Processing through Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-induced Translocation of Glutamate Receptors

Background: Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is known to be an important mediator of peripheral pain sensation (nociception) whereas little is known about its role in central sensitization. Methods: The levels of the stable PGI(2)-metabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F-1 (6-keto-PGF(1)) and of prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) were measured in the dorsal horn with the use of mass spectrometry after peripheral inflammation. Expression of the prostanoid receptors was determined by immunohistology. Effects of prostacyclin receptor (IP) activation on spinal neurons were investigated with biochemical assays (cyclic adenosine monophosphate-, glutamate release-measurement, Western blot analysis) in embryonic cultures and adult spinal cord. The specific IP antagonist Cay10441 was applied intrathecally after zymosan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in vivo. Results: Peripheral inflammation caused a significant increase of the stable PGI(2) metabolite 6-keto-PGF(1) in the dorsal horn of wild-type mice (n = 5). IP was located on spinal neurons and did not colocalize with the prostaglandin E-2 receptors EP2 or EP4. The selective IP-agonist cicaprost increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis in spinal cultures from wild-type but not from IP-deficient mice (n = 5-10). The combination of fluorescence-resonance-energy transfer-based cyclic adenosine monophosphate imaging and calcium imaging showed a cicaprost-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis in spinal cord neurons (n = 5-6). Fittingly, IP activation increased glutamate release from acute spinal cord sections of adult mice (n = 13-58). Cicaprost, but not agonists for EP2 and EP4, induced protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit and its translocation to the membrane. Accordingly, intrathecal administration of the IP receptor antagonist Cay10441 had an antinociceptive effect (n = 8-11). Conclusion: Spinal prostacyclin synthesis during early inflammation causes the recruitment of GluR1 receptors to membrane fractions, thereby augmenting the onset of central sensitization.