Experimental study on lag time for a small watershed

This paper is focused on the lag time of flow confluence. Lag is described empirically by the precipitation factor in hydrological modelling, but the traditional way to establish the relationship between lag and intensity is not very satisfactory in and and semi-arid regions. A total 215 rainfall-runoff experiments were conducted to reveal the effects of net rain duration on lag and intensity. The results show that a correlation between lag and rain intensity exists under certain conditions. There is a critical value in net rain intensity (0.8-1 mm min(-1)) in the correlation curve of lag and net rain intensity in the given experimental watershed in the laboratory. Similarly, a critical value of net rain duration also exists. This value is the total confluence time. The features of lag time change significantly if intensity or duration is less or greater than the critical value. The study also explores the joint effects of net rain intensity and duration on lag. The formula established among lag, intensity and duration resulted in a better fit. Therefore, the two-parameter (intensity and duration) empirical formula for lag is better than the traditional single-parameter (intensity) method. This two-parameter correlation formula can also be applied to a temporally and spatially uneven runoff processes. A typical field watershed is selected to test the results of the experiments. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.