Metabolic stress with a high carbohydrate diet increases adiponectin levels

Background: Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-specific protein, which possesses anti-atherogenic and antidiabetic properties, yet its plasma levels are decreased in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Although high fat diet has been linked to hypoadiponectinemia, the effect of high-carbohydrate diet on adiponectin levels is not known. Therefore, we studied the effect of high-carbohydrate diet on adiponectin levels in the rat models of hypertension and insulin resistance. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to the high carbohydrate diet [Sprague-Dawley rats with fructose enriched diet (SDR-F) and spontaneously hypertensive rats with sucrose enriched diet (SHR-S model)] or chow diet (Control group). Rats were followed for 6 weeks (SDR-F model) and 8 weeks (SHR-S model). Body weight, systolic blood pressure, plasma levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides and adiponectin, were recorded. Results: Both models were associated with features of the metabolic syndrome, namely, high insulin levels, increased blood pressure and triglyceride levels. Plasma adiponectin levels did not change in the control groups. In contrast, adiponectin levels increased by 39 and 30% compared to baseline following four and six weeks of fructose enriched diet in SDR (from 3.3 +/- 0.2 to 4.5 +/- 0.4 and 4.3 +/- 0.2 mu g/ml, respectively, p < 0.05). Likewise, five and eight weeks of sucrose enriched diet in SHR, induced a 54 and 81% increase in adiponectin levels compared to baseline (from 4.2 +/- 0.3 to 6.3 +/- 0.3 and 7.3 +/- 0.5 mu g/ml, respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Metabolic stress with a high-carbohydrate diet increases plasma levels of adiponectin. Further studies will elucidate whether this is a transitory compensatory mechanism or a sign of target organ resistance to adiponectin.