Smart nanomaterials inspired by biology: Dynamic assembly of error-free nanomaterials in response to multiple chemical and biological stimuli

Three-dimensional functional nanoscale assembly requires not only self-assembly of individual nanomaterials responsive to external stimuli, such as temperature, light, and concentrations, but also directed assembly of many different nanomaterials in one-pot responsive to multiple internal stimuli signaling the needs for such materials at a specific location and a particular time. The use of functional DNA (DNAzymes, aptamers, and aptazymes) to meet these challenges is reviewed. In addition, a biology-inspired proofreading and error correction method is introduced to cope with errors in nanomaterials assembly.