cAMP signaling in leukocyte transendothelial migration

The migration of leukocytes across the vascular endothelium is crucial for immunosurveillance as well as for inflammatory responses. Uncontrolled leukocyte transendothelial migration results in pathologies such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanisms that regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration involve signaling downstream of intracellular messengers such as cAMP, calcium, phosphoinositol lipids, or reactive oxygen species. Among these, cAMP is particularly intriguing because it is generated in both leukocytes and endothelial cells and regulates leukocyte chemotaxis as well as endothelial barrier function. In addition, physiological stimuli that induce cAMP production generate both pro-and antiinflammatory signals, underscoring the complexity of cAMP-driven signaling. This review discusses our current knowledge of the control of leukocyte transendothelial migration by two main cAMP effectors: protein kinase A and the Rap exchange factor Epac (Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP).