Molecular cloning of Tulipa fosteriana rDNA and subsequent FISH analysis yields cytogenetic organization of 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA in T-gesneriana and T-fosteriana

In this study, Tulipa fosteriana was found to contain 45S rDNA repeat units of 9.7 and 9.5 kb, in which at least 7 types of 45S rDNAs were identified by restriction site analysis. For 5S rDNA, repeat units ranging from 364 bp to 396 bp were identified. The diploid cultivars (2n = 2x = 24) 'Christmas Dream' and 'Queen of Night,' representing the horticultural group T. gesneriana, and 'Red Emperor', belonging to T. fosteriana, were compared cytogenetically using cloned 5S and 45S rDNAs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis identified many rDNA sites located on each chromosome in the diploid genomes. For example, we identified 71 sites of 5S rDNA and 10 sites of 45S rDNA in 'Red Emperor'. Additionally, FISH analyses enabled construction of karyotypes for these cultivars. Karyotype comparison of T. gesneriana cultivars showed conservation of repetitive rDNA unit positioning. A clear difference in chromosome size and signal pattern was observed between T. gesneriana and T. fosteriana cultivars. Here we demonstrate the unique nature of the highly repeated 5S rDNA units in these Tulipa species and the usefulness of FISH karyotyping with cloned 5S and 45S rDNAs to clearly distinguish between chromosomes from T. gesneriana and T. fosteriana.