Journal
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY
Volume 75, Issue 5, Pages 2351-2358Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01982-06
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Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [U54 AI-057168, R21 AI-059093, U54 AI057168, R21 AI059093] Funding Source: Medline
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The innate immune response of macrophages (M phi) to spores, the environmentally acquired form of Bacillus anthracis, is poorly characterized. We therefore examined the early M phi cytokine response to B. anthracis spores, before germination. M phi were exposed to bacilli and spores of Sterne strain 34F2 and its congenic nongerminating mutant (Delta gerH), and cytokine expression was measured by real-time PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The exosporium spore layer was retained (exo(+)) or removed by sonication (exo(-)). Spores consistently induced a strong cytokine response, with the exo(-) spores eliciting a two- to threefold-higher response than exo(+) spores. The threshold for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) production by wild-type M phi was significantly lower than that required for tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Cytokine production was largely dependent on MyD88, suggesting Toll-like receptor involvement; however, the expression of beta interferon in MyD88(-/-) M phi suggests involvement of a MyD88-independent pathway. We conclude that (i) the B. anthracis spore is not immunologically inert, (ii) the exosporium masks epitopes recognized by the M phi, (iii) the M phi cytokine response to B. anthracis involves multiple pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways, and (iv) compared to other cytokines, IL-1 beta is expressed at a lower spore concentration.
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