Nanomaterial-based electrochemical immunosensors as advanced diagnostic tools

A literature survey has been made of recent advances in the use of new nanomaterials for the biosensing of different biomolecules, which have opened new horizons in identifying and quantifying biomolecules, for possible early diagnosis of disease. Nanomaterials show similar dimensions to biomolecules like proteins (enzymes, antigens and antibodies) and DNA. The integration of nanomaterials with biomaterials results in novel hybrid nanobiomaterials with synergetic properties and functions. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in the field, describing the basic concepts of nanomaterial-based platforms for development and expansion of immunosensors and nanosensors. We present an overview of the various nanomaterial-based immunosensors that utilize different immune reagent recognition elements for nanomedical applications.