Journal
MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS
Volume 619, Issue 1-2, Pages 81-92Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.02.004
Keywords
pyrogallol; ROS; cell cycle; apoptosis; As4.1; ROS scavenger; SOD; catalase; GSH
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We investigated the involvement of ROS such as H2O2 and O-2(center dot-), and GSH in As4.1 cell death induced by pyrogallol. The intracellular H2O2 levels were decreased or increased depending on the concentration and incubation time of pyrogallol. The levels of O-2(center dot-) were significantly increased. Pyrogallol reduced the intracellular GSH content. And ROS scavengers, Tempol, Tiron, Trimetazidine and NAC could not significantly down-regulate the production of H2O2 and O-2(center dot-). However, these ROS scavengers slightly inhibited apoptosis. Interestingly, Tempol showing the recovery of GSH depletion induced by pyrogallol significantly decreased apoptosis without the significant reduction of intracellular O-2(center dot-) levels. SOD and catalase did not change the level of H2O2 but decreased the level of O-2(center dot-). The inhibition of GSH depletion by these was accompanied with the decrease of apoptosis, as evidenced by sub-GI DNA content, annexin V staining, mitochondria membrane potential (Delta psi(m)) and Western data. In addition, ROS scavengers and SOD did not alter a G2 phase accumulation of the cell cycle induced by pyrogallol. However, catalase changed the cell cycle distributions of pyrogallol-treated cells to those of pyrogallol-untreated cells. In summary, we have demonstrated that pyrogallol potently generates ROS, especially O-2(center dot-), in As4.1 JG cells, and Tempol, SOD and catalase could rescue to a lesser or greater extent cells from pyrogallol-induced apoptosis through the up-regulation of intracellular GSH content. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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