Chondrogenic differentiation of bovine synovium -: Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 and transforming growth factor β1 induce the formation of different types of cartilaginous tissue

Objective. To compare the potential of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 (BMP-2 and BMP-7) and transforming growth factor 131 (TGF beta 1) to effect the chondrogenic differentiation of synovial explants by analyzing the histologic, biochemical, and gene expression characteristics of the cartilaginous tissues formed. Methods. Synovial explants derived from the metacarpal joints of calves were cultured in agarose. Initially, BMP-2 was used to evaluate the chondrogenic potential of the synovial explants under different culturing conditions. Under appropriate conditions, the chondrogenic effects of BMP-2, BMP-7, and TGF beta 1 were then compared. The differentiated tissue was characterized histologically, histomorphometrically, immunohistochemically, biochemically, and at the gene expression level. Results. BMP-2 induced the chondrogenic differentiation of synovial explants in a dose- and time-dependent manner under serum- and dexamethasone-free conditions. The expression levels of cartilage-related genes increased in a time-dependent manner. BMP-7 was more potent than BMP-2 in inducing chondrogenesis, but the properties of the differentiated tissue were similar in each case. The type of cartilaginous tissue formed under the influence of TGF beta 1 differed in terms of both cell phenotype and gene expression profiles. Conclusion. The 3 tested members of the TGF beta superfamily have different chondrogenic potentials and induce the formation of different types of cartilaginous tissue. To effect the full differentiation of synovial explants into a typically hyaline type of articular cartilage, further refinement of the stimulation conditions is required. This might be achieved by the simultaneous application of several growth factors.