Protostellar turbulence driven by collimated outflows

We investigate the global properties of the outflow-driven protostellar turbulence through 3D MHD simulations. The simulations show that the turbulence in regions of active cluster formation is quickly transformed by the forming stars through protostellar outflows, and that strongly influences and perhaps controls protostellar turbulence cluster formation. We find that collimated outflows are more efficient in driving turbulence than spherical outflows that carry the same amounts of momentum. This is because collimated outflows can propagate farther away from their sources, effectively increasing the turbulence driving length; turbulence driven on a larger scale decays more slowly. Gravity plays an important role in shaping the turbulence, generating infall motions that balance the outward motions driven by outflows. The resulting quasi-equilibrium state is maintained through a slow rate of star formation, with a fraction of the total mass converted into stars per free-fall time as low as a few percent. Magnetic fields are dynamically important even in magnetically supercritical clumps, provided that their initial strengths are not far below the critical value for static cloud support. They contain an energy comparable to the turbulent energy and can significantly reduce the rate of star formation. The mass-weighted probability distribution function (PDF) of the volume density of the protostellar turbulence is often, although not always, approximately lognormal. The PDFs of the column density deviate more strongly from lognormal distributions. There is a prominent break in the power spectrum, which may provide a way to distinguish it from other types of turbulence.