QTL analysis of low TemperatureInduced browning in soybean seed coats

Exposure of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to chilling temperatures at flowering stage induces browning around the hilum of the seed coats. The brown pigmentation spoils the external appearance of soybean seeds and reduces their commercial value. Our previous studies revealed that pigmentation was controlled by a few major genes, and one of the genes is closely associated with a maturity gene. This study was conducted to further investigate inheritance of pigmentation using DNA markers. Fifty-eight F-2 plants derived from a cross between a tolerant cv. Koganejiro and a sensitive cv. Kitakomachi were exposed to 15 degrees C for 2 weeks beginning 8 days after anthesis. Genotypes of 522 genetic markers were determined using the F2 plants. Composite interval mapping revealed 5 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pigmentation, pig[ to pig5 (pigl in molecular linkage group A2 [MLG A2], pig2 in MLG B 1, pig3 in MLG C2, pig4 in molecular linkage group (MLG), and pig5 in MLG N) and 4 QTLs for flowering date, fd I to fc4 (fd I in MLG C 1, fd2 in MLG C2, fd3 in MLG J, and fd4 in MLG L). Based on the relative location with markers, fd2 and fd4 probably correspond to El and E3, respectively. pig3 and fd2 were found at a similar position, and logarithm of odds (LOD) score plots for pigmentation and flowering date almost overlapped around this region. Considering the fact that pig3 had the most intense effects on pigmentation, El is presumed to be the maturity gene that profoundly affects pigmentation. Further, E3 has a small effect on pigmentation in accordance with the previous reports. These results support the idea that soybean maturity genes control low temperature-induced pigmentation with various intensities specific to each maturity gene. QTLs for seed coat pigmentation with small or no impact on maturity identified in this study may be useful in breeding for chilling tolerance.