Colorimetric Method for Determining Pb2+ Ions in Water Enhanced with Non-Precious-Metal Nanoparticles

Sulfur anions and their derivatives have long been recognized for their high selectivity and reactivity toward Pb2+ ions and formation of highly absorptive yet water-insoluble compounds with both acid and base media. This phenomenon has been used for qualitative analysis of lead ions in water. We demonstrate a new method to quantitatively determine the Pb2+ concentration in the range of 0.5-500 ppm in water using colorimetric measurement, based on forming soluble lead sulfide in water enhanced with non-precious-metal nanoparticles. This method has inherent high selectivity for lead over other alkali-metal and alkaline-earth-metal ions. The colorimetric measurements of the absorptive solutions provide accurate determination of the lead concentration in water comparable to that measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the simplest, lowest cost, and easiest-to-use method for detecting and determining the lead concentration in water.