Journal
MOTOR CONTROL
Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 276-308Publisher
HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC
DOI: 10.1123/mcj.11.3.276
Keywords
force production; motor learning; movement; posture; redundancy; synergy
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Funding
- NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR-10732] Funding Source: Medline
- NIA NIH HHS [AG-018751] Funding Source: Medline
- NINDS NIH HHS [NS-044907, NS-050880, NS-35032] Funding Source: Medline
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Driven by recent empirical studies, we offer a new understanding of the degrees of freedom problem, and propose a refined concept of synergy as a neural organization that ensures a one-to-many mapping of variables providing for both stability of important performance variables and flexibility of motor patterns to deal with possible perturbations and/or secondary tasks. Empirical evidence is reviewed, including a discussion of the operationalization of stability/flexibility through the method of the uncontrolled manifold. We show how this concept establishes links between the various accounts for how movement is organized in redundant effector systems.
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