Three-dimensional effects in atom diodes: Atom-optical devices for one-way motion

The atom diode is a laser device that lets the ground-state atom pass in one direction but not in the opposite direction. We examine three-dimensional effects of that device for arbitrary atomic incidence angles on flat laser sheets, and set breakdown limiting angles and velocities. It is found that a correct diodic behavior, independent of the incident angle, can be obtained with blue-detuned lasers.