Journal
JOURNAL OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS
Volume 24, Issue 7, Pages 303-315Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9152-7
Keywords
angiogenesis; growth factors; implantation; miscarriage; pregnancy; trophoblast; vasculogenesis
Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [R15 HL072802] Funding Source: Medline
- NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD036830, R01 HD36830] Funding Source: Medline
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Problem Implantation failure and early pregnancy loss are common following natural conceptions and they are particularly important clinical hurdles to overcome following assisted reproduction attempts. The importance of adequate vascular development and maintenance during implantation has recently become a major focus of investigation. Materials and methods Review of current published literature was undertaken to summerize the cells and cell products that regulate tissue vascularity during implantation. Results Vascular development at the maternal fetal interface can be regulated by a number of different cell types; two principal candidates are trophoblast and natural killer cells. A wide range of soluble factors, some with well established angiogenic functions as well as other more novel factors, can contribute to vascular development and maintenance at the maternal-fetal interface. Conclusions Robust vascular development occurs during implantation and early placentation of normal pregnancies. Studies to define the extent and mechanisms by which defects in vascularity contribute to human implantation failure and early miscarriage need to be undertaken.
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