Deep-sea vent ε-proteobacterial genomes provide insights into emergence of pathogens

Deep-sea vents are the light-independent, highly productive ecosystems driven primarily by chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, in particular by E-Proteobacteria phylogenetically related to important pathogens. We analyzed genomes of two deep-sea vent epsilon-Proteo bacteria strains, Sulfurovum, sp. NBC37-1 and Nitratiruptor sp. SB155-2, which provide insights not only into their unusual niche on the seafloor, but also into the origins of virulence in their pathogenic relatives, Helicobacter and Campylobacter species. The deep-sea vent e-proteobacterial genomes encode for multiple systems for respiration, sensing and responding to environment, and detoxifying heavy metals, reflecting their adaptation to the deep-sea vent environment. Although they are nonpathogenic, both deep-sea vent epsilon-Proteo bacteria share many virulence genes with pathogenic E-Proteobacteria, including genes for virulence factor MviN, hemolysin, invasion antigen CiaB, and the N-linked glycosylation gene cluster. In addition, some virulence determinants (such as the H-2-uptake hydrogenase) and genomic plasticity of the pathogenic descendants appear to have roots in deep-sea vent e-Proteobacteria. These provide ecological advantages for hydrothermal vent epsilon-Proteobacteria who thrive in their deep-sea habitat and are essential for both the efficient colonization and persistent infections of their pathogenic relatives. Our comparative genomic analysis suggests that there are previously unrecognized evolutionary links between important human/animal pathogens and their nonpathogenic, symbiotic, chemolithoautotrophic deepsea relatives.