Using 59-PTMs to repair mutant β-globin transcripts

Trans-splicing has been used to repair mutant RNA transcripts via competition for the spliceosome using pre-trans-splicing molecules, or PTMs.'' Previous studies have demonstrated that functional PTMs can be designed for either 3'- or 5'-exon replacement, with a vast majority of the work to date focusing on repair of mutations within internal exons and via 3'-exon replacement. Here, we describe the first use of trans- splicing to target the first exon and intron of a therapeutically relevant gene and repair the mutant RNA by 5'-exon replacement. Our results show that 5'-PTMs can be designed to repair mutations in the beta-globin transcript involved in sickle cell anemia and b- thalassemia while providing insight into considerations for competition between trans- versus cis- splicing in mammalian cells. Target transcripts with impaired cis-splicing capabilities, like those produced in some forms of b-thalassemia, are more efficiently repaired via trans-splicing than targets in which cis- splicing is unaffected as with sickle b-globin. This study reveals desirable characteristics in substrate RNAs for trans-splicing therapeutics as well as provides an opportunity for further exploration into general splicing mechanisms via 5'-PTMs.