Journal
ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Volume 404, Issue 3, Pages 671-678Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5957-z
Keywords
Ultrasound-assisted emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Taguchi design; Bisphenols; Baby utensils; Migration studies
Funding
- Comunidad Autonoma de la Region de Murcia (CARM, Fundacion Seneca) [15217/PI/10]
- Spanish MICINN [CTQ2009-08267/BQU]
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The optimization of a clean procedure based on ultrasound-assisted emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction for the sensitive determination of four bisphenols is presented. The miniaturized technique was coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization by in situ acetylation. The Taguchi experimental method, an orthogonal array design, was applied to find the optimal combination of seven factors (each factor at three levels) influencing the emulsification, extraction and collection efficiency, namely acetic anhydride volume, sodium phosphate concentration, carbon tetrachloride volume, aqueous sample volume, sodium chloride concentration and ultrasound power and application time. A second factorial design was applied with four factors and five levels for each factor, 25 experiments being performed in this instance. The matrix effect was evaluated, and it was concluded that sample quantification can be done by calibration with aqueous standards. The detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 ng mL(-1) depending on the compound. The environmentally friendly sample pretreatment procedure was applied to study the migration of the bisphenols from different types of samples: thermal printer paper, compact discs, digital versatile discs, small tight-fitting waistcoats, baby's bottles, baby bottle nipples of different materials and children's toys.
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