Cross-resistance to medical and agricultural azole drugs in yeasts from the oropharynx of human immunodeficiency virus patients and from environmental Bavarian vine grapes

Cross-resistance among Candida albicans isolates from the oropharynges of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (n = 16) and environmental yeast strains of various species (n = 54) to medical and agricultural azole drugs was observed. Precautions against the unnecessary widespread use of azoles in the environment and human medicine are strongly recommended to prevent patients from acquiring azoleresistant yeasts.